Concept explainers
Match each of the terms in the left column to the best-fitting phrase from the right column.
a. | oligonucleotide | 1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
b. | vector | 2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
c. | sticky ends | 3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
d. | recombinant DNA | 4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
e. | ddNTPs | 5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
f. | genomic library | 6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
g. | genomic equivalent | 7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
h. | gel electrophoresis | 8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
i. | selectable marker | 9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
j. | hybridization | 10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
k. | primer | 11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
l. | polylinker | 12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “oligonucleotide” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
The primers that are used in the DNA reactions are the short and small fragments called oligonucleotides.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Oligonucleotide: A short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine.
Explanation of Solution
Oligonucleotides are small fragments of DNA which are used as primers in DNA sequencing reactions. These are complementary to the vector sequence.
b.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “vector” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
A vector can be considered as the carrier of the genetic material.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Vector: A DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment
Explanation of Solution
A vector is a DNA molecule that is used for transportation, replication, and purification of DNA fragment. It acts as a carrier. The insert DNA cannot replicate independently. Therefore, the vector is used to support the replication.
c.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “sticky ends” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Sticky ends are the result of the incision process of various types of restriction enzymes.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Sticky ends: Short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments
Explanation of Solution
Sticky ends are produced when DNA strands are incised with restriction enzymes. Sticky ends have the ability to ligate with the complimentary sticky ends which are incised by the same restriction enzyme.
d.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “recombinant DNA” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Recombinant DNA is the modified form of DNA that is produced with the help of genetic engineering tools.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Recombinant DNA: Contains genetic material from two different organisms
Explanation of Solution
Recombinant DNA molecules consist of vector DNA and insert DNA from the different organisms. The vector DNA and the insert DNA fragment are joined to form a recombinant DNA molecule.
e.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “ddNTPs” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
ddNTPs stands for dinucleotide triphosphate. These nucleotides act as subunits for the chain termination process.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
ddNTPs: DNA chain-terminating subunits
Explanation of Solution
ddNTPs are the dideoxynucleotides triphosphates used as a chain-terminating subunits. This is because the polymerase enzyme does not elongate the primer from a ddNTP.
f.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genomic library” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
A genomic library contains the vast collection of genetic material or DNA stretches of given species.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Genomic library: A collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector.
Explanation of Solution
A genomic library consists of several cellular clones. These clones have each gene sequence related to entire genome of the species. These are carried by appropriate vector.
g.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genomic equivalent” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
The number of fragments of DNA that are inserted into a particular clone.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Genomic equivalent: The number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism
Explanation of Solution
Genomic equivalent is defined as the count of number of DNA fragments inserted into clones in an accurate genomic library. The genomic equivalent can be calculated by dividing the total length of the genome with the mean size of insert.
h.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “gel electrophoresis” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
It is a type of technique used for the separation of segments of DNA.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Gel electrophoresis: Method for separating DNA molecules by size
Explanation of Solution
Gel electrophoresis is a method used to separate the macromolecules such as DNA on the basis of their size. The smaller fragments run quickly as compared to the larger fragments.
i.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “selectable marker” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
With the hel of selectable marker, one can easily distinuish between the transformants among the non transformants.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Selectable marker: Gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants
Explanation of Solution
Selectable marker is a gene present in a vector which is used for the isolation of transformants. Due to the presence of selectable marker, transformant cells can be isolated.
j.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “hybridization” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Association of two single-stranded molecules of DNA to form single double-stranded DNA.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Hybridization: Stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other
Explanation of Solution
Hybridization is a procedure in which two single-stranded DNA molecules bind to form a single double-stranded DNA molecule. The two strands must be complementary to each other.
k.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “primer” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Short stretch of nucleotide strands that can be extended with the help of polymerase enzyme.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Primer: Oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication
Explanation of Solution
A primer is a small nucleic acid sequence that provides an initiation point for DNA synthesis. The primer is extended by the DNA polymerase enzyme.
l.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “polylinker” among the options given below.
1. | gene in a vector that enables isolation of transformants |
2. | a collection of the DNA fragments of a given species, inserted into a vector |
3. | synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA |
4. | stable binding of single-stranded DNA molecules to each other |
5. | method for separating DNA molecules by size |
6. | oligonucleotide extended by DNA polymerase during replication |
7. | contains genetic material from two different organisms |
8. | the number of DNA fragments sufficient in aggregate length to contain the entire genome of a specified organism |
9. | short single-stranded sequences found at the ends of many restriction fragments |
10. | a short DNA fragment that can be synthesized by a machine |
11. | DNA chain-terminating subunits |
12. | a DNA molecule used for transporting, replicating, and purifying a DNA fragment |
Introduction:
Polylinker is a type of synthetic segment of DNA having unique restriction sites.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
Polylinker: Synthetic DNA element in a cloning vector with unique restriction sites used for insertion of foreign DNA
Explanation of Solution
A polylinker is a small segment of DNA. It contains several restriction sites but these restriction sites are unique. Polylinkers are used for the insertion of foreign DNA.
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Chapter 9 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
- In biotechnology, gene cloning is a very important technique. A vector is normally required to perform this process. The vector commonly used to transform a bacterial host cell is the plasmid. State the three (3) important regions of the plasmid. Elaborate your answer.arrow_forwardDescribe how restriction enzymes like EcoR1 are used to create recombinant plasmids and what the process is for using these plasmids to replicate a piece of target DNA. Include information about how to create sticky ends, the makeup of the bacterial plasmid and how to tell if the gene was successfully inserted in the plasmid and if the plasmid has been transformed by the bacteria. You may use a drawing to enhance your description.arrow_forwardFor each of the following scenarios, indicate YES (it is cloning) or NO (it is not cloning). 6. ___________ Sperm taken from a male goat is combined with a female's egg in a petri dish. The resulting embryo is implanted into the female's uterus to develop 7. ___________ A sheep embryo, composed of 16 cells, is removed from the mother's uterus and separated into individual cells. Each cell is allowed to multiply, creating 16 separate embryos, which are then implanted in different female sheep to develop to maturity. 8. ___________ A cow with many desirable traits is stimulated with hormones to produce a number of egg cells. Each of these eggs is fertilized and implanted into a surrogate mother. 9. ___________ Cell nuclei from a recently deceased dog are placed into enucleated egg cells from another female dog. These egg cells are then placed into the uterus of an additional female surrogate dog, where it grows into a puppy.arrow_forward
- On the gel shown below are four DNA samples. Samples A to C are taken from tissues of landslide victims that are being identified, while sample D came from a hair sample brought by a mother looking for the remains of her son. (see img) i. If similar band patterns in a gel are created using the same restriction enzyme, what does that tell you about the DNA sequence of the samples? ii. In sample C, only two fragments were created. How many restriction sites (regions where enzymes cut) are present in sample C?arrow_forwardThe other options are: a. RNA cannot be digested by restriction enzymes b. RNA is small enough to be resolved on an agarose gel without the need for restriction digestion. c. RNA is single stranded and DNA is double strandedarrow_forwarda. What is the purpose of molecular cloning?b. What purpose do selectable markers serve in vectors?c. What is the purpose of the origin of replication in aplasmid vector?d. Why do cloning vectors have polylinkers?arrow_forward
- In gene cloning, a vector is required to transform the gene of interest into host cell. State the THREE (3) important regions of the plasmid. Elaborate your answer.arrow_forward#3) Ligase catalyzes a reaction between the 5' phosphate and the 3' hydroxyl groups at the end of DNA molecules. The enzyme calf intestinal phosphatase catalyzes the removal of the 5' phosphate from DNA molecules. What would be the consequence of treating a cloning vector, before ligation, with calf intestinal phosphatase?arrow_forward2) Transgenic animal refers to an organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed. Cows, pigs and goats had been modified especially for pharmaceutical purposes. Explain three (3) most used transfection technology for the creation of transgenic animals.arrow_forward
- If you are a genetic engineer and you cloned your gene of interest in a plasmid and you want to know if the protein encoded by the cloned gene is expressed or not, which of the following methods is the right one to use? Select one: a. Northern blot b. Both Northern and Western blots c. Agarose gel with polyacrylamide d. Western blot e. Protein gel and northern blotarrow_forwardA patient is diagnosed with lung cancer using imaging. To establish the best treatment option, doctors ask to profile the gene expression of the tumor, using a biopsy and microarray analysis. Describe the steps involved in the analysis in detail. The analysis reveals that a new gene therapy could be beneficial to the patient. Explain briefly how gene therapy could be used to cure cancer and detail how the treatment can be formulated for delivery to the patient. To prepare DNA for the gene therapy formulation, it is often important to measure the size of the molecule. Explain how this measurement can be done using agarose gel electrophoresis, taking care to detail the property of the DNA molecule at the basis of the technique. To generate large amounts of DNA to manufacture gene therapy payloads or to be able to see them on gel electrophoresis, specific sequences can be amplified by PCR. For a sequence of a 100 base pairs, calculate the number cycles of PCR required to generate 1 ng of…arrow_forward35) A researcher inserted DNA fragments from an organism into expression vector plasmids and introduced the modified plasmids into bacterial cells. Which of the following methods would be an effective means of identifying which clones contain a specific gene of interest?arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning