Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 44.1, Problem 1CC
The movement of salt from the surrounding water to the blood of a freshwater fish requires the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP. Why?
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Sharks live in marine (saltwater) habitats and are osmoconformers. Based on this information which of the following is/are true (select all that apply): A. Sharks have tissues/body fluids that are isoosmotic relative to the environment B. Sharks have tissues/body fluids that are hypoosmotic relative to the environment C. Sharks devote considerable energy to osmoregulation D. Sharks do not devote much energy to osmoregulation
The movement of salt from the surrounding water to theblood of a freshwater fish requires the expenditure ofenergy in the form of ATP. Why?
When our tissues are burning metabolic fuel they produce protons and carbon dioxide. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase uses water to convert most of the carbon dioxide into carbonic acid.
i) Describe the change of the blood carbon dioxide concentration of the swimmer from Phase I to the end of Phase II (do NOT explain the other phases)?
ii) How does this change in the blood carbon dioxide concentration impact the pH of the blood of the swimmer from Phase I to the end of Phase II (do NOT explain the other phases)?
iii) explain the chemical reasoning behind the impact on pH from Phase I to the end of Phase II (do NOT explain the other phases).
Chapter 44 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 44.1 - The movement of salt from the surrounding water to...Ch. 44.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.1 - WHAT IF? Researchers found that a camel in the...Ch. 44.2 - What advantage does uric acid offer as a...Ch. 44.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 44.3 - Where and how does filtrate originate in the...Ch. 44.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 44.4 - What do the number and length of nephrons in a...Ch. 44.4 - Many medications make the epithelium of the...
Ch. 44.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 44.5 - How does alcohol affect regulation of water...Ch. 44.5 - Prob. 2CCCh. 44.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 44 - Prob. 44.1CRCh. 44 - DRAW IT Construct a table summarizing the three...Ch. 44 - Prob. 44.3CRCh. 44 - Prob. 44.4CRCh. 44 - Why can only some patients with diabetes insipidus...Ch. 44 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 44 - In which of the following species should natural...Ch. 44 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 44 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 44 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY You are exploring kidney...Ch. 44 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 44 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE The marine iguana...
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- Imagine a saltwater fish is placed into freshwater. What would happen on a cellular level? How are fish like salmon, who spend the first part of their life in the ocean and then travel to freshwater to spawn, able to overcome potential physiological consequences? Describe three adaptations salmon use to overcome the salinity changes encountered.arrow_forward10) Osmoregulation refers to the ability of an organism to maintain homeostasis with respect to the solute concentration of their bodies. Euryhaline fish are able to live in both fresh water and salt water at different points of their life. In order to osmoregulate in both environments, one physiological change that occurs in these fish is the direction in which they actively transport ions across their gills. a) In what direction are ions actively transported across the gills of euryhaline fish when they are in freshwater versus salt water? In freshwater: (into body or out of body) In salt water: (into body or out of body) b) Briefly explain why active transport is required in these cases. 121 11) The table below compares and contrasts carrier protein pumps with clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis. Fill in the empty spaces of the table with the appropriate ans Clathrin- Carrier protein dependent receptor mediated endocytosis pump Involvement of multiple types of proteins?…arrow_forwardIn a Bio lab you determine that the cost of transport for two fish from different species is 1 kJ/km for fish one, and 10 kJ/km for fish two. Provide an estimate of the swimming speed of each fish assuming that a) both fish have the same metabolic rate; b) fish two has a metabolic rate 10 times higher than the metabolic rate of fish one; and c) fish one has a metabolic rate that is 100 times smaller than the metabolic rate of fish two. Note that the ratio of metabolic rate to speed defines the cost of transport in units of energy/distancearrow_forward
- Two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane that is permeable only to water. The two solutions are: Solution A = 150 mM KCl Solution B = 150 mM Angiotensin (a 7 amino acid polypeptide) Which of the following would best explain the net movement in this situation? - water will move from the KCl side to Angiotensin side - water will move from Angiotensin side to KCl side - The Cl- ion will move to the angiotensin side until there is 75 mM Cl- on each side - Since Angiotensin is not an ion, it can move through the membrane - There is no net water movement as the concentrations are the same on both sidesarrow_forwardWhen bacteria such as E. coli are starved to a sufficient extent, they become nonmotile. However, when such bacteria are placed in an acidic solution, they resume swimming. Explainarrow_forwardHere is a chloride cell in the gill epithelium of a fish. For reference, NKA = Na+/K+ ATPaseNKCC = Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter. (image 1) The same proteins have been identified in shark rectal gland, marine birds and reptiles (salt glands in nostrils), marine fishes (chloride cells in their gills) and mammals that transport salt in their kidneys. (image 2) When biologists were testing the mechanism of salt excretion in sharks, they used a chemical called ouabain to inhibit the Na+/K+ ATPase to see if there was an effect. Which result would you expect to see with ouabain treatment? A. A decrease in Cl- in the epithelial cells. B. An increase in ADP in the epithelial cells. C. An increase in K+ in the epithelial cells. D. A decrease in Na+ in the epithelial cells.arrow_forward
- sodium-potassium pumps are the driving force behindarrow_forwardThe carbonic acid equilibria are shown below. Tissues that are aerobically active produce CO2. This causes this equilibrium to shift to the ______, which causes the pH of the blood to ______. H+ + HCO3- <--> H2CO3 <--> H2O + CO2 a) right; increase b) right; decrease c) left; increase d) left; decreasearrow_forwardA freshwater fish was accidentally placed in salt water. After several minutes in the saline water it died. What is the most logical explanation for its death?arrow_forward
- Table 8.2. Measurement of the Metabolic Rate of a Frog at Different Environmental Temperatures. Metabolic Rate Metabolic Rate Packed in Ice (5°C) Room Temperature (20°C) Frog #1 0.05 0.30 ml 02/ hour / gm Frog #2 0.03 0.28 Frog #3 0.04 0.25 Procedure Calculate the average metabolic rate for the three frogs at each of the two temperatures. Put a dot on the graph in Figure 8.11 for each of the average values. Draw a line between those two dots. Write the word ectotherm on the line.arrow_forwardProduction of any sort of nitrogenous waste other than ammonia costs energy. Name at least three distinctly different advantages an animal might gain by investing in production of urea or uric acid.arrow_forwardWhy might some animals find it beneficial to convert ammonia to urea? ammonia is not water soluble urea is less toxic than ammonia and can be concentrated to a greater extent energy is released in the form of ATP when ammonia is converted to urea ammonia cannot diffuse out of the body through the gills and skin while urea canarrow_forward
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