Will an amino acid be glucogenic or ketogenic if it is catabolized to the following molecules?(a) Phosphoenolpyruvate(b) -Ketoglutarate (c) Succinyl-CoA(d) Acetyl-CoA(e) Oxaloacetate(f) Acetoacetate
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Will an amino acid be glucogenic or ketogenic if it is catabolized to the following molecules?
(a) Phosphoenolpyruvate
(b) -Ketoglutarate
(c) Succinyl-CoA
(d) Acetyl-CoA
(e) Oxaloacetate
(f) Acetoacetate
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- (8) B-ketothiolase is a multifunctional enzyme in lipid catabolism. Which of the following is NOT one of its functions? (A) It catalyzes the release of (2) acetyl CoA from acetoacetyl CoA during ketolysis. (B) It removes an acetyl CoA from the fatty acyl chain during B-oxidation. (C) It forms acetoacetate by removing acetyl CoA from HMG CoA during ketogenesis. (D) It condenses (2) acetyl CoA molecules to form acetoacetyl CoA during ketogenesis. (9) What is HMG-COA, in the context of fatty acid catabolism? (A) a product of fatty acid oxidation (B) a ketone body made in liver cells (C) a 6-carbon precursor to the acetoacetate ketone body (D) a 4-carbon precursor to the acetoacetate ketone body (E) a product formed when the B-hydroxybutyrate ketone body is oxidized in brain cells (10) Which of the following symptoms might you expect to see in a patient with defective acyl CoA dehydrogenase under fasting conditions? (A) slowed gluconeogenesis in liver (B) hypoglycemia (C) elevated glycogen…Which of the following statements about the transamination and deamination steps of amino acid degradation is true? (A) a-ketoglutarate is always formed during a transamination between an amino acid and glutamate. (B) Transamination reactions produce glutamate that is deaminated after entering the urea cycle. (C) Free ammonia is removed from glutamate using glutamate dehydrogenase and NAD+ as an oxidizing agent. (D) The free NH4+ that is removed from glutamate during the deamination reaction is used to form glucose.(E) The carbon backbone that results from transamination enters the mitochondria to be used in the urea cycle.Consider the fatty acids: (a) Arachidic acid (C20H40O2); molar mass = 312.5 g/mol) (b) Palmitoleic acid(C16H30O2); molar mass = 256.4 g/mol). i. How many cycles of β -oxidation are needed for complete oxidation?ii. How many molecules of acetyl CoA are formed from its complete catabolism?iii. Calculate the number of molecules (moles) of ATP formed (net) by the completecatabolism of each fatty acid (show your calculation).iv. Calculate number of moles of ATP formed per gram of each fatty acid metabolized.
- To oxidize the fatty acid molecule shown below, what enzyme(s) are needed in addition to the enzymes needed for beta - oxidation? A) 2,4- dienoyl-CoA reductase only B) enoyl-CoA isomerase only C) both enoyl-CoA isomerase and 2,4- dienoyl-CoA reductase D) No additional enzymes are needed besides the normal ones for beta - oxidation. CH3(CH2)3-CH=CH-(CH2)3-C-0° поWhich of the following is a true statement regarding sphingolipid synthesis? (A) The first step in sphingolipid synthesis is the condensation of palmitoyl CoA with aspartate to form b-ketosphinganine.(B) This process requires the reduction of a ketone that uses NADH as the reducing agent.(C) A fatty acid is attached to dihydrosphingosine to form dihydroceramide. (D) FAD is using as an oxidizing agent to remove a double bond from dihydroceramide.(E) The formation of sphingomyelin requires the attachment of a glucose or galactose molecule to ceramide.The following link carbohydrate metabolism with lipid biosynthesis: (a) How many molecules of glucose are required to provide the carbon for synthesis of one molecule of palmitate? (b) How many molecules of glucose are required if all of the glucose first proceeds through the pentose phosphate pathway before proceeding through the rest of glycolysis on its way to pyruvate?
- (i) A patient who is diagnosed with thiamine deficiency exhibited fatigue and muscle cramps. The muscle cramps have been related to an accumulation of pyruvate and a- ketoglutarate. Explain the role of thiamine in this case. (ii) Lipoate is synthesized in human from carbohydrate and amino acids. It does not require a vitamin precursor. In the absence of lipoate, there is reduced production of acetyl-CoA, Provide reasons for this observation.How many acetyl CoA molecules are produced in one cycle of beta oxidation? How many cycles would it take to catabolize a stearic acid molecule (a fatty acid, [18:0]) into acetyl Co A units? a)How many acetyl CoA molecules would be produced? b) How many reduced nucleotides would be produced? c) If a molecule of glucose produces a net 32 ATP when completely catabolized, which do you think will produce more energy, one molecule of glucose or one molecule of stearic acid? Justify your answer.The fatty acid 5,8-cis-pentadecanoic acid (CH3-(CH3)5-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)3-COOH) is subjected to B-oxidation. (a) Indicate the steps involved in its oxidation to acetyl-CoA and/or other products (NADH, FADH2, etc.). (b) What are the products (and quantities) of its complete oxidation (acetyl-CoA, N ADH, FADH2, etc.)? Be sure that you make clear the source of these products.
- What is the effect on gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis of (a) increasing the level of ATP, (b) decreasing the concentration of fructose-1,6- bisphosphate, and (c) increasing the concentration of fructose-6- phosphate?D) Carbohydrate catabolism involves substrate-level phosphorylation. E) My answer is not here 27. The adduct acetoacetyl-acyl carrier protein is formed as an intermediate during fatty acid biosynthesis. The CO2 used to synthesize malonyl-S-CoA is lost. Would this help make the reaction more or less energetically favorable? A) Loss of CO2 increases entropy (AS) and therefore decreases the favorability of the reaction (AG). B) Loss of CO2 has no effect on entropy (AS) and therefore does not affect the favorability of the reaction (AG). C) Loss of CO2 increases entropy (AS) and therefore increases the favorability of the reaction (AG). D) Loss of CO2 decreases entropy (AS) and therefore decreases the favorability of the reaction (AG). E) Loss of CO2 decreases entropy (AS) and therefore increases the favorability of the reaction (AG).(i) Consider a preparation that contains all the enzymes and cofactors necessary for fatty acid biosynthesis from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. If [2-H] acetyl-CoA labeled with deuterium, the heavy isotope of hydrogen and excess of unlabeled malonyl-CoA are added as substrates, where will you find these labeled deuterium atoms in a molecule of palmitate synthesized? Explain. S-COA (ii) Describe the steps involved in the synthesis of palmitic acid starting from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA.