CLINICAL CASE STUDY: A 37-year-old male comes to the emergency room after having been stabbed above the left clavicle with an ice pick. The patient's main complaint is pain in the left side of the chest. Initial evaluation reveals a minute punctured wound superior to the left clavicle, just lateral to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The vital signs are normal except for a moderately high respiratory rate. The chest radiograph shows the left lung to be collapsed to half its normal size and surrounded by air and blood. (This condition is known as hemopneumothorax, meaning blood and air in the thoracic cavity) QUESTIONS: 1. Explain how the air got inside the thoracic cavity (assuming it did not enter through the skin punctured wound.) 2. What is the name of the space where the air and blood are located? 3. What membranes contain the space?

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