Choose the best answers for each missing word from the list below.(1)________ is a first messenger in the form of gas, and (2)___________ is a metabolite ofthe amino acid tyrosine that activates glucose export from liver cells. The secondmessenger (3)_________ is produced by guanylate cyclase, whereas (4)__________ and(5)_____________ are produced by phospholipase C.1) nitric oxide, 2) epinephrine, 3) cyclic GMP, 4) diacylglycerol, 5) inositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate1) nitric oxide, 2) epinephrine, 3) cyclic GMP, 4) diacylglycerol, 5) inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate1) nitric oxide, 2) glucagon, 3) cyclic AMP, 4) diacylglycerol, 5) inositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate1) oxygen, 2) epinephrine, 3) cyclic GMP, 4) 3-phosphoglycerate, 5) inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate1) ammonium oxide, 2) insulin, 3) cyclic AMP, 4) calcium, 5) inositol-4,5-trisphosphate

Biochemical cell signalling is the method by which cell communicates with each other cells and…

Answered: Choose the best answers for each…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Choose the best answers for each missing word from the list below. ____ regulated by ATP, Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is (1) which is a (2)________________ regulator, and by CTP which binds to the (3)____ subunit of ATCase and shifts the conformational equilibrium to the (4). T state. CTP regulation of ATCase is called (5)________ 1) allosterically, 2) positive, 3) regulatory, 4) inactive, 5) feedback inhibition 1) covalently 2) positive, 3) regulatory, 4) active, 5) feedback inhibition 1) allosterically, 2) negative, 3) regulatory, 4) inactive, 5) feedforward activation 1) allosterically, 2) negative, 3) catalytic, 4) active, 5) feedforward inhibition 1) irreversibly, 2) positive, 3) catalytic, 4) inactive, 5) feedback inhihition
Fill in the blanks and explain the relationship between the paired words/phrases a. methotrexate: dihydrofolate reductase; ___________: thymidylate synthase b. __________: aspartate; purine: glycine
Consider fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP) when responding to Parts A, B, and C. When writing your response, please put A, B, or C in front of the answer for each part. NOTE: Each part can be answered in 3-4 sentences.A. State the effect (inhibition OR activation) of insulin signaling on the activity of FBP. Explain why this effect makes sense and make sure you identify the pathway where FBP participates.B. In a type 2 diabetic liver cell, when the blood sugar level is high, will the activity of FBP be HIGHER, LOWER, or THE SAME AS the activity in a nondiabetic liver cell under the same conditions? Explain your reasoning.C. Now think about the insulin and glucagon signaling pathways that control activity of FBP. When a nondiabetic liver cell is exposed to low blood sugar, indicate one specific way the insulin or glucagon signaling pathway could be disrupted so that the activity of FBP is not controlled correctly. Then, explain the reasoning for your answer.
Please answer the following question: Answer the following questions about Glygogen Metabolism: (But DON’T Just think about glycogen here!) a. After a carbohydrate-filled breakfast, your blood glucose levels increase. How does glucose affect liver glycogen phosphorylase activity? Briefly explain the direct effect (i.e., not via hormones) glucose has on the enzyme, referring to the structure of the enzyme. b. Imagine you develop a drug that targets glycogen synthase kinase as a treatment for Type 2 diabetes. You need to determine if this drug activates or inhibits glycogen synthase kinase? What effect should the drug have on the phosphorylation state and activity of glycogen synthase? Explain in detail your decision. c. Would protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) have to be active or inactive for this drug to be effective? Explain the rationale for your response; be sure to refer to the function of PP1 in your response.
Below is a list of steps that occur after an exercising muscle cell begins degrading amino acids for ATP production. For each step, choose (A) if the process occurs in the muscle cell and (B) if the process occurs in the liver. It will be easiest to answer this question if you first put the steps in order, then decide in which organ they occur. ______ Alanine is transaminated with a-ketoglutarate.______ Branched chain amino acids are transaminated with a-ketoglutarate.______ Glutamate is deaminated.______ Glutamate is transaminated with pyruvate.______ Ketoacid skeletons resulting from branch chain amino acids enter the CAC.______ Pyruvate enters gluconeogenesis.______ Urea is formed from the nitrogen removed from the original branched chain amino acid.
CHOOSE THE CORRECT LETTER When glycogen is synthesized in both the liver and muscle, all the following are true, EXCEPT A.Glucose is transferred from UDP-glucose to a growing glycogen molecule by glycogen synthase.B. Phosphoglucomutase converts glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphateC. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose by a phosphatase.D.Glucose 1-phosphate is activated by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase to produce UDP-glucose and PPi.
Define the following terms:a. Cori cycleb. glucagonc. glucose-alanine cycled. hypoglycemiae. antioxidant
Can you answer all the parts to following question, true or false: Q23: A: The breakdown of a fatty acid produces more energy than the breakdown of glucose (True or False) B: Acetyl-CoA can be directly converted to pyruvate through the TCA (True or False) C: Glucagon stimulates the liver to store energy by performing glycolysis (True or False) D: The keto diet is dangerous due to the risk of developing ketoacidosis (True or False)
Islet cells in the pancreas are actively synthesizing and secreting insulin into the bloodstream. A scientist purifies different membranous fractions of these islet cells. In which fraction would she find insulin or its intermediates?
Von Gierke’s disease is a rare genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase. Symptoms ketoacidosis, a buildup of glycogen in the liver, and lactate buildup. Why does this glycogen storage disease not affect the brain? a) The brain is able to still perform glycolysis effectively b) None of the above c) In the event of hypoglycemia, the brain is able to utilize other sources of energy to produce ATP d) The brain is able to metabolize lactate, which is present in high concetrations.
Diabetes mellitus is a set of metabolic diseases with the common symptom of an inability to transport glucose into target cells (muscle cells and adipocytes). The body compensates in part by degrading muscle protein to generate energy. Explain how this process works.
Write a one-sentence explanation for each of the following statements.(a) In liver, glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown via cAMP. Although you might expect glucagon to stimulate catabolism of the glucose formed as well, glucagon inhibits glycolysis and stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver.(b) An individual with a glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency suffers fromchronic hypoglycemia.(c) The action of phosphorylase kinase simultaneously activates glycogenbreakdown and inhibits glycogen synthesis.(d) The presence in liver of glucose-6-phosphatase is essential to the function of the liver in synthesizing glucose for use by other tissues.

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