(1) Define the direction and the type of biases in the following examples. Choose only one answer for each question. This is study is liable to the following bias: a) Confounding b) Selection Bias c) Information Bias
A case-control study was conducted to examine the risk factors for HPV infection among OB/GYN clinic patients. The researcher hypothesized that women with HPV cases will report a greater number of multiple sexual partners compared to controls. The existing literature indicates that cases (women with HPV infection) without delay tend to recall and report accurate information about their sexual partners. On the other hand, recall and report of accurate information about multiple sexual partners among controls may not be as clear.
(1) Define the direction and the type of biases in the following examples. Choose only one answer for each question.
This is study is liable to the following bias:
a) Confounding
b) Selection Bias
c) Information Bias
(2) The relationship between HPV infection and the number of sexual partners is likely to be:
a) Can go either direction
b) Under-estimated
c) Over-stimated
(3) The following are examples of bias except:
a) Confounding
b) Selection
c) Effect Modification
d) Hawthorne effect
(4) In measurement, an example of ___________error occurs when data is impacted by some type of unknown "noise" , whereas, _________error occurs when an instrument or tool to gather data is not correctly utilized.
a) systematic; random
b) systematic; recall
c) random; recall
d) random; systematic
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